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The Christians
as the Romans Saw Them, Robert L. Wilken
How did Christianity appear to the
men and women of the Roman Empire? How
did it look to the outsider before it became the established religion of
western Europe and Byzantium?
These are the questions Wilken intends to answer in this
book. We know the story up until we find
John on the island of Patmos, primarily through the book of Acts and through
Paul’s letters. We know the story of
Constantine and his adoption of the faith – giving Christianity political
authority for the first time.
But what of the story in-between? How was this sect seen by those in power: a
military threat, a political threat, a source for revolution…or no threat at
all? Wilken will answer the questions
not by examining the works of Christian authors, but through the observations
of pagan observers of Christianity (albeit, we often only have excerpts of these
writings captured in rebuttals offered by later Christian apologists).
Pliny called Christianity a “superstition”; Celsus wrote
that Jesus was magician and sorcerer.
Porphyry, Julian, Galen and Lucian are also considered. These authors cover a period of almost three
hundred years – from the early second century into the late fourth
century. Wilken does not address if the
criticisms are true or not; he is only after presenting the Roman view of
Christianity (and “Roman” is meant to include both Roman and Greek authors).
In the earliest years, Christianity went virtually
unnoticed:
For almost a century Christianity
went unnoticed by most men and women in the Roman Empire.
Pliny the Elder (Pliny’s uncle and, later, adopted father)
wrote his Natural History a generation after the death of Jesus; in the
section on Palestine, there is not a single mention of Christianity. The first mention of the sect by a Roman writer
occurs about eighty years after the beginning of Christianity. To the extent the Christians were noticed,
non-Christians saw the Christian community as “tiny, peculiar, antisocial, [and
an] irreligious sect…”
As mentioned, much of what Wilken would find from these authors
regarding Christianity comes from Christian apologists in response – these Christian
texts have been better preserved. The debates
at the time are the debates many still have today (albeit without even
understanding the earlier arguments): creation out of nothing; faith vs.
reason; the status and relation of Jesus to God; the historical reliability of
the Scriptures.
Early in the second century, Pliny was sent as provincial
governor of Bithynia-Pontus, on the northern coast of Asia Minor. His assignments were numerous: look into
irregularities in the handling of funds, examine the municipal administrations,
put down potentially political disorders, deal with pending criminal cases, and
investigate the military situation. As can
be seen, the sect of Christianity would be considered among a couple of these assignments.
When Pliny wrote of the Christians, he used the same term
for club – hetaeria – as he used to described a firemen’s association. The concern in both cases: would these clubs restrict
themselves strictly to professional or social concerns, or would these turn
political – eventually revolutionary?
Somewhere between the cities of Amisus and Amastris, Pliny
wrote his famous letter regarding Christians.
It is not clear in which city the activities described were occurring –
it can only be said that it was one of the coastal cities of northern Pontus.
A group of local citizens approached him to complain about
the Christians in the vicinity. The precise
complaint is unknown, but it is possible to infer that the charge was brought
by the local butchers: the Christians refused to buy meat for the
sacrifice. Whatever the specific
trouble, this was unusual: in most areas of the Empire, Christians lived
peaceably among their neighbors.
Although [Pliny] expected to find
evidence of Christian crimes, he found none.
He discovered instead that the rites were innocuous. …All Pliny found
was a superstition, a foreign cult.
They would meet to chant verses in honor of Christ as if to
a god; they would bind to each other by oath – but not for any criminal
purpose, as they would abstain from theft, robbery and adultery; to commit no
breach of trust.
With all this, he still summoned the accused Christians to
confess: a yes answer would result in execution: per Wilken, “Christians were
culpable for the sake of the name alone.”
He did not have authority to execute those Christians who were also Roman
citizens; their fate is unknown. Pliny
would write: “Whatever the nature of their admission, I am not convinced that
their stubbornness and unshakable obstinacy ought not to go unpunished.”
Charges would increase in other cities; anonymously authored
pamphlets were circulated, listing dozens of “suspects.” Pliny would devise a method to better test
the confessions: repeat the formula of invocation to the gods; make an offering
to Trajan’s statue; revile the name of Christ.
Such a test had few, if any, precedents in Roman history.
Trajan would concur with this formula, and add: “…pamphlets
circulated anonymously must play no part in any accusation.”
Conclusion
From such beginnings, Christianity would eventually be able
to conquer – for all of the good and bad that came with this – the largest
empire in the western world. But there
are still a couple of centuries before this occurrence; these will be reviewed in
subsequent posts.
